A practical reference on research chemical: what it is, how it behaves, what the literature reports, and where the honest uncertainties sit.
Reviewed 2026-07-07. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise endurance, mitochondrial content, and lipid profiles in rodents, but these findings come from specific experimental conditions. Many studies use high doses or delivery methods that may not translate directly to human use. SR9009 has been reported to have low oral bioavailability and a short half-life, which complicates interpretation of oral dosing studies. It is not established as safe or effective for any indication. Literature discussions often separate its pharmacological mechanism from unverified claims made in fitness and supplement markets.
Analytical methods for SR9009 typically rely on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The technique can separate the parent compound from related substances and detect low concentrations in biological matrices. Urine and blood are common samples in anti-doping testing, while in vitro studies may use cell culture media. Rapid metabolism and low expected concentrations make method validation important for reliable identification. Exact metabolite patterns can vary by species and are not fully mapped.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 reflects its investigational status. The compound has no approved human therapeutic indication, and sports authorities prohibit its use. It appears on anti-doping lists as a non-approved substance or metabolic modulator, depending on the list version. Products sold online as research chemicals are not quality-controlled medicines, so their identity and purity can differ from the label. Such products may also contain unlisted compounds, which complicates both testing and safety assessment.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Derived from published structure. |
| Molecular weight | 437.94 g/mol | Calculated value. |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical for purified research samples. |
| Solubility | DMSO, ethanol; low in water | Class: poorly water-soluble. |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated, protected from light | Limits degradation. |
SR9009 is generally described as poorly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in an organic solvent before dilution into an aqueous buffer or vehicle. Precipitation can occur if the organic fraction is reduced too quickly or if the final concentration exceeds the compound's solubility limit. Sonication or gentle warming may aid dissolution in some protocols, but excessive heat can promote degradation. Container material and pH can also influence observed solubility.
For long-term storage, SR9009 is typically kept as a solid at low temperature, protected from moisture and light. Desiccated conditions limit hydrolysis, while opaque containers reduce photochemical breakdown. Solutions are less stable than solids and are often stored frozen in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Stability data are not standardized across all suppliers, so users should rely on certificate-of-analysis information when available. Degradation may appear as color change, precipitate, or decreased chromatographic purity.
Laboratory identification of SR9009 typically relies on chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry, often with ultraviolet detection as a secondary check. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure when a reference standard is available. Because many suppliers sell the compound as a research chemical, independent identity testing is important for experimental reproducibility. A single retention time is not sufficient proof of identity, especially when related compounds may be present. Purity assessments usually report a percentage based on area normalization.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, also called NR1D1 and NR1D2. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene programs. The compound was developed for laboratory research, not as an approved therapeutic. Its identity is distinct from steroid hormones and selective androgen receptor modulators. Scientific interest centers on how REV-ERB activation changes gene expression in cells and animal models.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
Analytical identification and purity assessment often use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect and quantify SR9009 in biological matrices, including urine and blood, for anti-doping or pharmacokinetic studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure. Stability depends on form and storage: the solid is generally more stable than solutions, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may degrade samples. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from a certificate of analysis.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
=== Future developments === Several medications designed to address the root cause are under development, including gene therapy and antisense drugs. Other medications used include corticosteroids to slow muscle degeneration. Physical therapy, orthopedic braces, and corrective surgery may help with some symptoms while assisted ventilation may be required in those with weakness of breathing muscles. Outcomes depend on the specific type of disorder. In February 2024, the results of a 48-week trial with Vamorolone in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (The VISION-DMD study) were published. Patients showed improvements in motor outcomes seen with 6 mg/kg/d of Vamorolone at 24 weeks of treatment and were maintained for 48 weeks of treatment. As well, bone morbidities of prednisone (stunting of growth and declines in serum bone biomarkers) were reversed when treatment transitioned to Vamorolone.
If a company transforms from a member state corporation to incorporate under the European Company Regulation 2001, employees are entitled to no less favourable representation than under the member state's existing board participation laws. This is practically important as a majority of EU member states require employee representation on company boards. Fourth, minimum job security rights are provided by three Directives. The Collective Redundancies Directive 1998 specifies that minimum periods of notice and consultation occur if more than a set number of jobs in a workplace are at risk. The Transfers of Undertakings Directive 2001 require that staff retain all contractual rights, unless there is an independent economic, technical or organisational reason, if their workplace is sold from one company to another. Last, the Insolvency Protection Directive 2008 requires that employees' wage claims are protected in case their employer falls insolvent. This last Directive gave rise to Francovich v Italy, where the Court of Justice affirmed that member states which fail to implement the minimum standards in EU Directives are liable to pay compensation to employees who should have rights under them.
In January 2023, Vice President Geraldo Alckmin met with Vice President Frans Timmermans of the EU Commission in Brasília. During his visit to Brazil, Timmermans said that President Lula's efforts to end destruction in the Amazon deserves support and cooperation from the European Union, adding that the EU could donate up to €750,000 to help the Yanomami people facing a humanitarian crisis. In March 2023, the EU's commissioner for competition Margrethe Vestager met with Vice President Alckmin and other Brazilian officials during a meeting in Brasília to unveil the EU-Brazil bilateral Investment Map. In June 2023, Lula met with EU president Ursula von der Leyen to discuss areas such as environment, science and technology and trade, namely the EU-Mercosur trade deal. Lula expressed concerns over a European Union's side letter proposal of sanctioning Mercosur goods in case they fail to meet environmental goals saying that "between partners there should be mutual confidence not mistrust and sanctions" and that the sanctions could hurt genuine Brazilian green efforts. During the meeting the European Union pledged to donate 20 million euros to the Amazon Fund. In July 2023, numerous Latin American, Caribbean and European leaders, including Lula, attended the III EU-CELAC summit in Brussels to discuss topics such as global hunger, inequalities, poverty and climate change. On the sidelines of the summit, Lula made the case for the EU-Mercosur trade deal and expressed concern for protectionist policies in the agreement.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Low dispersion lenses === Thorium was also used in certain glass elements of Aero-Ektar lenses made by Kodak during World War II. Thus they are mildly radioactive. Two of the glass elements in the f/2.5 Aero-Ektar lenses are 11% and 13% thorium by weight. The thorium-containing glasses were used because they have a high refractive index with a low dispersion (variation of index with wavelength), a highly desirable property. Many surviving Aero-Ektar lenses have a tea colored tint, possibly due to radiation damage to the glass. These lenses were used for aerial reconnaissance because the radiation level is not high enough to fog film over a short period. This would indicate the radiation level is reasonably safe. However, when not in use, it would be prudent to store these lenses as far as possible from normally inhabited areas; allowing the inverse square relationship to attenuate the radiation.
== Medical uses == NPH insulin is cloudy and has an onset of 1–3 hours. Its peak is 6–8 hours and its duration is up to 24 hours. It has an intermediate duration of action, meaning longer than that of regular and rapid-acting insulin, and shorter than long acting insulins (ultralente, glargine or detemir). A recent Cochrane systematic review compared the effects of NPH insulin to other insulin analogues (insulin detemir, insulin glargine, insulin degludec) in both children and adults with Type 1 diabetes. Insulin detemir appeared provide a lower risk of severe hyperglycemia compared to NPH insulin, however this finding was inconsistent across included studies. In the same review no other clinically significant differences were found between different insulin analogues in either adults nor children.
== Function == SLC3A2 is a member of the solute carrier family and encodes a cell surface, transmembrane protein with an alpha-amylase domain. The protein exists as the heavy chain of a heterodimer, covalently bound through di-sulfide bonds to one of several possible light chains. It associates with integrins and mediates integrin-dependent signaling related to normal cell growth and tumorigenesis. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. LAT1 is a heterodimeric membrane transport protein that preferentially transports neutral branched (valine, leucine, isoleucine) and aromatic (tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine) amino acids. LAT is highly expressed in brain capillaries (which form the blood brain barrier) relative to other tissues. A functional LAT1 transporter is composed of two proteins encoded by two distinct genes:
=== Laboratory applications === In the laboratory, EDTA is widely used for scavenging metal ions: In biochemistry and molecular biology, ion depletion is commonly used to deactivate metal-dependent enzymes, either as an assay for their reactivity or to suppress damage to DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides. EDTA also acts as a selective inhibitor against dNTP hydrolyzing enzymes (Taq polymerase, dUTPase, MutT), liver arginase and horseradish peroxidase independently of metal ion chelation. These findings urge the rethinking of the utilisation of EDTA as a biochemically inactive metal ion scavenger in enzymatic experiments. In analytical chemistry, EDTA is used in complexometric titrations and analysis of water hardness or as a masking agent to sequester metal ions that would interfere with the analyses. EDTA finds many specialised uses in the biomedical labs, such as in veterinary ophthalmology as an anticollagenase to prevent the worsening of corneal ulcers in animals. In tissue culture, EDTA is used as a chelating agent that binds to calcium and prevents joining of cadherins between cells, preventing clumping of cells grown in liquid suspension, or detaching adherent cells for passaging. In histopathology, EDTA can be used as a decalcifying agent making it possible to cut sections using a microtome once the tissue sample is demineralised. EDTA is also known to inhibit a range of metallopeptidases, the method of inhibition occurs via the chelation of the metal ion required for catalytic activity.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Disease === One of the major causes of amputation in medieval Europe was disease. Ergotism (also known as Saint-Anthony's fire) was a fungus found in rye that caused gangrene that spread from the fingers and toes. If the tissue death from the disease was severe enough, the limb would spontaneously fall off on its own without blood loss.
The first consignment of dressed beef left the Chicago stock yards in 1857 in ordinary boxcars retrofitted with bins filled with ice. Placing meat directly against ice resulted in discoloration and affected the taste, making it impractical. During the same period, Gustavus Swift experimented by moving cut meat using a string of ten boxcars with their doors removed, and made a few test shipments to New York during the winter months over the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR). The method proved too limited to be practical. Detroit's William Davis patented a refrigerator car that employed metal racks to suspend the carcasses above a frozen mixture of ice and salt. In 1868, he sold the design to George H. Hammond, a Detroit meatpacker, who built a set of cars to transport his products to Boston, using ice from the Great Lakes for cooling. The load tended to swing to one side when the car entered a curve at high speed, and use of the units was discontinued after several derailments. In 1878, Swift hired engineer Andrew Chase to design a ventilated, well-insulated car and positioned the ice in a compartment at the top of the car, allowing the chilled air to flow naturally downward. The meat was packed tightly at the bottom of the car to keep the center of gravity low and to prevent the cargo from shifting. Chase's design proved to be a practical solution, providing temperature-controlled carriage of dressed meats. This allowed Swift and Company to ship their products across the United States and internationally.
== Technique == The caterpillar was first killed. If it was hairy then it was soaked in alcohol for half an hour before being left to dry out. The rear of the caterpillar was then cut open and the contents of the bowels squeezed out by applying gentle pressure to the outside of the caterpillar. Pressure would be applied, working from the rear towards the front of the caterpillar, until the intestines started to protrude from the cut. Forceps would then be used to pull the intestines from the caterpillar's body which would in turn drag out most of the rest of the caterpillar's innards with them. A straw was then inserted into the cut, and air blown into it while the caterpillar was gently heated in order to dry it. For an experienced practitioner the entire process took about 5 to 6 minutes. Once the caterpillar was dry it was ready to be prepared for mounting. This was done by pushing a loop of wire coated in shellac into the caterpillar via the cut, after which the wire was attached to an entomological pin for mounting in a storage cabinet. Various devices, such as miniature alcohol heated ovens, were developed to apply the technique with different entomologists taking different approaches. A closely related technique was to inject the caterpillar with wax after the organ removal stage.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used in laboratory research. It is not an approved drug, and its effects in humans are not well characterized. It is often sold as a research chemical under the name Stenabolic.
No. SR9009 targets the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, not the androgen receptor. This mechanism differs from selective androgen receptor modulators and from exercise mimetics that act on PPARδ.
Published evidence is mainly preclinical, using cell cultures and animal models. Controlled human trials are not well documented in the public literature. Claims about human performance or health effects therefore remain unsupported by robust clinical data.
No. It is an investigational compound without approved therapeutic indications. It is sold for research purposes only in many jurisdictions.