anti-doping comes up often in conversation and rarely with the context attached. Here we lay out the basics in order, then work through the practical considerations.
Last reviewed on 2026-01-12. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Storage recommendations for SR9009 reference material typically specify a freezer at -20 °C or lower, with protection from moisture and light. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade small molecules and introduce variability. Stock solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide are often aliquoted to avoid repeated handling. Stability studies may examine degradation under heat, humidity, and light exposure. The compound's thiophene and nitro groups can participate in reactions that alter analytical signals over time, so such changes affect quantitative results.
Quality control for research materials includes identity confirmation by nuclear magnetic resonance and purity assessment by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometry provides molecular weight confirmation and can detect related impurities. Purchasers should request a certificate of analysis that lists lot-specific data. Online products advertised for human use often lack such documentation. Distinguishing legitimate research material from mislabeled or contaminated samples is a recurring challenge in independent testing, and independent laboratories may use orthogonal methods to verify identity.
The mechanism of action involves binding to REV-ERB receptors and recruiting corepressor complexes, which represses target gene transcription. This contrasts with many nuclear receptor agonists that activate transcription. Downstream effects may include changes in autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid handling, but the precise pathways remain an active area of study. Whether these molecular events translate into meaningful physiological effects in humans is unresolved. Most evidence comes from cultured cells and rodent models rather than human participants.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Typical storage temperature | -20 °C or lower | Desiccated and protected from light |
| Common analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Detects parent drug and metabolites |
| Solubility class | Lipophilic; soluble in organic solvents | Low aqueous solubility |
| Molecular weight | 437.94 g/mol | Calculated from reported formula |
| Synonyms | SR9009; REV-ERB agonist | Code name used in scientific literature |
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
Storage conditions for research-grade SR9009 generally involve a freezer at approximately minus twenty degrees Celsius, sometimes lower for long-term preservation. Containers should remain tightly closed and protected from light. Desiccants may be used to limit moisture uptake. Solutions are often stored in aliquots to avoid repeated warming and cooling. Stability data for the compound under various conditions are limited, so laboratories typically follow supplier recommendations and verify performance through periodic analytical checks rather than assuming indefinite stability.
Identity and purity testing for SR9009 commonly uses liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method separates the compound from matrix components and detects it by mass-to-charge transitions, providing sensitive and specific confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural identification, while high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection may estimate purity. Because online products labeled as SR9009 may contain other substances or no active compound at all, independent verification is important in research settings. Certificates of analysis are useful but not a substitute for in-house testing.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically supplied as a white to off-white powder. The compound dissolves readily in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, while its solubility in water is low. Because of this solubility profile, researchers often prepare concentrated stock solutions in an organic solvent before diluting them into aqueous assay buffers. Light exposure, moisture, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade many small molecules, so handling procedures usually aim to minimize these factors. Purity is commonly checked before use.
SR9009 is not approved as a medicine by major regulatory agencies. It is commonly sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside customary drug approval and quality rules. In sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance. Athletes who use it can face sanctions if it is detected in a sample. Legal status varies by country, and importation may be restricted. Enforcement practices differ across borders.
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually employs liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the parent compound and sometimes metabolites in urine or blood. Because exposure can be low and clearance may be rapid, sample timing and limits of detection matter. Laboratories validate assays for sensitivity and specificity. Results are interpreted alongside chain-of-custody and quality-control records. Urine is the common matrix for anti-doping analysis, while blood may be used in research settings.
The city has a rich sporting heritage as the home to two historically significant football teams: Juventus FC (founded in 1897) and Torino FC (founded in 1906). Juventus has the larger fan base, especially all over Italy and worldwide, while Torino enjoys a greater support in the city itself. The two clubs contest the oldest derby in Italy, the Derby della Mole. Juventus is Italy's most successful football club and one of the most successful in the world. It ranks joint twelfth in the list of the world's clubs with the most official international titles (sixth between European clubs), and was the first in association football history—remaining the only one in the world (as of 2022, after the first UEFA Europa Conference League Final)—to have won all possible official continental competitions and the world title. Juventus' owned ground, the Juventus Stadium, was inaugurated in 2011 and hosted the 2014 UEFA Europa League final, the 2021 Nations League finals and the 2022 Women's Champions League final. This was the first time the city hosted a seasonal UEFA club competition's single-match final. Juventus' female team has won, among others, five straight Serie A titles since its inception in 2017, becoming one of the most winning teams in the country. Torino FC was founded by the union of one of the oldest football teams in Turin, Football Club Torinese (founded in 1894), with breakaways from Juventus and was the most successful team, called "Grande Torino", in the Serie A during the 1940s.
=== 10 December === Russia used Iranian-made drones to hit two energy facilities in Odesa, leaving all non-critical infrastructure in the Ukrainian port without power and 1.5 million people without electricity. Ukraine launched a missile attack on the Russian-occupied city of Melitopol including at a military barracks. According to Melitopol's Russia-installed administrators, four missiles hit the city, killing two people. In addition, explosions were reported in Donetsk and Crimea.
== Further reading == Williams, John, ed. (1861). The physicians of Myddvai; Meddygon Myddfai (or the medical practice of the celebrated Rhiwallon and his sons, of Myddvai, in Caermarthenshire, physicians to Rhys Gryg, Lord of Dynevor and Ystrad Towy, about the middle of the thirteenth century). Translated by Pughe, John. Llandovery. From ancient Mss. in the libraries of Jesus College, Oxford, Llanover, and Tonn; with an English translation; and the legend of the Lady of Llyn y Van.
=== Lancelet === Upon amputation, lancelet tails healed and formed a blastema structure, suggesting dedifferentiation of cells to prepare for regeneration. Lancelets can regenerate anterior and posterior structures, including neural tube, notochord, fin, and muscle The blastema that is formed expresses PAX3 and PAX7, which is associated with activation of muscle stem cells. This specific invertebrate model seems to be limited in its dedifferentiation abilities with size and age. The older and larger the animal is, the less apt it is for dedifferentiation.
Neanderthal pigmentation genes in modern non-African people are associated with both lighter and darker skin tones, as well as lighter and darker hair colors, suggesting Neanderthals themselves may have had variable pigmentation. Variants associated with red hair have been found in some Neanderthals, but they do not appear to have been common. Neanderthal skin and hair pigmentation variants are under positive selection in non-Africans, unlike most other Neanderthal genes, suggesting that the adaptive value of lighter features was beneficial for modern humans in Eurasia, where there is significantly less sunlight as compared to Africa.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Pizza Hut sponsored the film Back to the Future Part II (1989) and offered a free pair of futuristic sunglasses, known as "Solar Shades", with the purchase of Pizza Hut pizza. Pizza Hut also engaged in product placement within the film, having a futuristic version of their logo with their trademarked red hut printed on the side of a mylar dehydrated pizza wrapper in the McFly family dinner scene, and appear on a storefront in Hill Valley in the year 2015. In 1990, Pizza Hut spent a reported $20 million to sponsor the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Coming Out of Their Shells live musical. The company also gave out a Ninja Turtle audio cassette as part of a promotion. The 1990 NES game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Arcade Game came with a coupon for a free pizza. The game included Pizza Hut product placement in the form of background advertisements and pizza that would refill the character's life. In the early 1990s, Pizza Hut sought to attract children and pre-teenagers to build its dine-in business. Through comedy writer Walter Williams and San Francisco advertising agency Goodby, Silverstein & Partners, Pizza Hut created The Pizza Head Show, a series of television commercials to convey the message that Pizza Hut meant "weird fun". The commercials featured spokes-character Pizza Head and his pizza-cutter nemesis Steve, in a format reminiscent of Williams's previous production Mr. Bill. In 1995, Donald Trump and his first wife Ivana Trump appeared in a commercial.
Official governmental portal Archived 17 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine Official website for tourism and holiday in Lower Saxony Archived 5 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine Map with tourist highlights, notepad and personal guide Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in German) Geographic data related to Lower Saxony at OpenStreetMap
== Appearances == The Headcrab debuted in Half-Life (1998) as an enemy that attacks protagonist Gordon Freeman and other surviving humans by leaping at them and biting them. Headcrabs first appear when a portal is opened, sending various interdimensional beings into the game's world and sending the Black Mesa lab into chaos. Throughout the game, the player encounters bodies with Headcrabs on their head, some of which becoming animated and attacking living people. In the sequel, Half-Life 2, the Headcrab and Headcrab Zombies return in a similar capacity. Headcrabs can be found in various environments, and the main antagonists, the Combine, who have taken control of the world post-invasion, have been attacking civilian and resistance groups by shooting rockets with Headcrabs in them to infect the population. Other Headcrabs appear, including a fast one and a poison one, the latter of which can put Gordon in serious danger if bitten. The character Isaac Kleiner manages to debeak a Headcrab, keeping it as a pet called Lamarr. Headcrabs also appear in Half-Life: Alyx, a virtual reality game. Fast-moving Headcrabs and Zombies were originally considered for inclusion, but were removed due to tests finding that they moved too fast for players to properly react. Outside of the Half-Life series, the Headcrab makes multiple cameo appearances. Multiple games, such as Vindictus and the Steam releases of Phantasy Star Online 2, Death Stranding, and Fall Guys featured accessories based on the Headcrab.
In 2000, the World Health Organization redefined "carcinoid", but this new definition has not been accepted by all practitioners. This has led to some complexity in distinguishing between carcinoid and other neuroendocrine tumors in the literature. According to the American Cancer Society, the 2000 WHO definition states: The WHO now divides these growths into neuroendocrine tumors and neuroendocrine cancers. Neuroendocrine tumors are growths that look benign but that might possibly be able to spread to other parts of the body. Neuroendocrine cancers are abnormal growths of neuroendocrine cells which can spread to other parts of the body.
Saccharomyces boulardii is a yeast first isolated in 1923 from lychee (Litchi chinensis) and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) fruit peels by the French scientist Henri Boulard. Early reports described S. boulardii as a distinct species with unique taxonomic, metabolic, and genetic characteristics; however, subsequent genomic analyses have shown that it is not a separate species but a lineage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sharing greater than 99% genomic sequence identity with other S. cerevisiae strains. As a result, it is often referred to as S. cerevisiae var. boulardii. S. boulardii is used as a probiotic yeast, intended to transiently colonize the gastrointestinal tract and reduce the risk of certain gastrointestinal disorders. It is able to grow at human body temperature (37°C; 98.6°F). In healthy individuals, S. boulardii is generally regarded as nonpathogenic and nonsystemic, remaining confined to the gastrointestinal tract. Henri Boulard reportedly became interested in the yeast after observing residents of Southeast Asia consuming lychee and mangosteen skins during cholera outbreaks, a practice believed to alleviate diarrheal symptoms. S. boulardii has also been used as a model organism in molecular biology, and the CRISPR–Cas9 genome-editing system has been demonstrated to function effectively in this yeast.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The subarachnoid space is the space that normally exists between the arachnoid and the pia mater. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and continues down the spinal cord. Spaces are formed from openings at different points along the subarachnoid space; these are the subarachnoid cisterns, which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The dura mater is attached to the skull, whereas in the spinal cord, the dura mater is separated from the vertebrae by a space called the epidural space, which contains fat and blood vessels. The arachnoid is attached to the dura mater, while the pia mater is attached to the central nervous system tissue. If the dura mater and the arachnoid become separated due to injury or illness, the space between them is known as the subdural space. There is another potential space, the subpial space, between the pia mater and the glia limitans.
Countercurrent exchange and cocurrent exchange are two mechanisms used to transfer some property of a fluid from one flowing current of fluid to another across a barrier allowing one way flow of the property between them. The property transferred could be heat, concentration of a chemical substance, or other properties of the flow. When heat is transferred, a thermally-conductive membrane is used between the two tubes, and when the concentration of a chemical substance is transferred a semipermeable membrane is used.
=== Foreign political and diplomatic figures === Henry Cruger* (1758), member of the Parliament of Great Britain 1774–1790 and the New York State Senate Isaac Wilkins (1760), judge, member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly Thomas Henry Barclay (1772), United Empire Loyalist; member of the 6th General Assembly of Nova Scotia Tang Shaoyi* (1882), first premier of the Republic of China William Sanford Evans (1895), Manitoba politician, mayor of Winnipeg 1909–1911 Pixley ka Isaka Seme (1906), founder and president of the African National Congress Wellington Koo (1909), president of the Republic of China and China's ambassador to the United States; Chinese delegate to the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 and the League of Nations; judge on the International Court of Justice 1957–1967 Jun Ke Choy (1915), former mayor of Hangzhou, chairman of China Merchants Group, and founder of the Chinese Culture Center Yu Tsune-chi (1922), Chinese ambassador to Italy and Spain, delegate to the San Francisco Conference, United Nations and the International Labour Organization Mario Laserna Pinzón (1948), Colombian diplomat and educator; founded the Universidad de Los Andes Colin Hughes (1949), first commissioner of the Australian Electoral Commission Uldis-Ivars Grava (1958), Latvian parliamentarian, former director of Latvijas Televīzija and chairman of American Latvian Association Johan Jorgen Holst (1960), Norwegian minister of Defence and Foreign Affairs; heavily involved with the Oslo Accords Yossi Alpher (1964), former Mossad officer and director of the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies at Tel Aviv University Dore Gold (1975), Israeli political advisor and diplomat; former ambassador to the United States Toomas Hendrik Ilves (1975), president of Estonia Carson Wen (1975), three-time Hong Kong deputy to the National People's Congress and former vice chairman of the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong Geoffrey Onyeama (1977), Nigerian minister of Foreign Affairs since 2015, son of Nigerian justice Charles Onyeama Michael Oren (1977), Israeli historian and former Israeli ambassador to the United States Miloon Kothari (1979), United Nations special rapporteur on adequate housing Kim Hyun-jong (1981), former South Korean minister of Trade and Special Advisor to President Moon Jae-in Ken Ofori-Atta (1984), Ghanaian economist and investment banker and current minister for Finance and Economic Planning, member of the Ofori-Atta family Akiva Tor (1985), Israeli ambassador to South Korea Abdullah bin Khalid bin Sultan Al Saud (2010), Saudi Arabia's permanent representative to the United Nations in Vienna, ambassador to Austria, Slovakia and Slovenia, great-grandson of Ibn Saud
=== In newborns === Newborns have a uniform single layered lamina propria, which appears loose with no vocal ligament. The monolayered lamina propria is composed of ground substances such as hyaluronic acid and fibronectin, fibroblasts, elastic fibers, and collagenous fibers. While the fibrous components are sparse, making the lamina propria structure loose, the hyaluronic acid (HA) content is high. HA is a bulky, negatively charged glycosaminoglycan, whose strong affinity with water procures hyaluronic acid its viscoelastic and shock absorbing properties essential to vocal biomechanics. Viscosity and elasticity are critical to voice production. Chan, Gray and Titze, quantified the effect of hyaluronic acid on both the viscosity and the elasticity of vocal folds by comparing the properties of tissues with and without HA. The results showed that removal of hyaluronic acid decreased the stiffness of the vocal cords by an average of 35%, but increased their dynamic viscosity by an average of 70% at frequencies higher than 1 Hz. Newborns have been shown to cry an average of 6.7 hours per day during the first 3 months, with a sustained pitch of 400–600 Hz, and a mean duration per day of 2 hours. Similar treatment on adult vocal cords would quickly result in edema, and subsequently aphonia. Schweinfurth and al. presented the hypothesis that high hyaluronic acid content and distribution in newborn vocal cords is directly associated with newborn crying endurance.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is a common approach. It can detect the parent compound and its metabolites in biological matrices.
Research samples are typically kept frozen, desiccated, and protected from light. Stock solutions are often aliquoted to reduce freeze-thaw cycles.
High-performance liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance are standard for purity and identity. Mass spectrometry confirms molecular weight.
It is a synthetic compound that acts as an agonist at REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used mainly as a research chemical to study circadian and metabolic pathways. It is not approved for human therapeutic use.