This is a working overview of circadian rhythm, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2026-04-01 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory research, SR9009 has been used to probe how these receptors affect skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The compound was identified in academic drug-discovery work and is often described in scientific literature by its chemical name and research code. It is not an approved medicine, and human clinical data remain limited or absent.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the free base |
| Molecular weight | 437.9 g/mol | Calculated from the formula |
| Primary target | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors involved in circadian regulation |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Poorly soluble in water |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated | Protect from light and moisture |
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually employs liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the parent compound and sometimes metabolites in urine or blood. Because exposure can be low and clearance may be rapid, sample timing and limits of detection matter. Laboratories validate assays for sensitivity and specificity. Results are interpreted alongside chain-of-custody and quality-control records. Urine is the common matrix for anti-doping analysis, while blood may be used in research settings.
Handling recommendations for SR9009 in a laboratory setting include storing the solid at low temperature, protected from light and moisture. The compound is often dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol for experiments. Solutions should be prepared with appropriate personal protective equipment and disposed of according to local rules. Stability data for long-term storage are limited, so stock solutions are typically kept cold and used within defined periods. Records of preparation date and concentration support reproducibility.
SR9009 is not approved as a medicine by major regulatory agencies. It is commonly sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside customary drug approval and quality rules. In sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance. Athletes who use it can face sanctions if it is detected in a sample. Legal status varies by country, and importation may be restricted. Enforcement practices differ across borders.
Smoking is the cause of more than 7 million deaths per year, making it the most common cause of preventable early death. One study found that male and female smokers lose an average of 13 and 15 years of life, respectively, while another measured a loss of life of 7 years. Each cigarette is estimated to shorten life by an average of 11 minutes, though this may vary slightly depending on the contents and brand. More recently, it has been reported to be 20 minutes. At least half of all lifelong smokers die early as a result of smoking. Smokers are three times more likely to die before the age of 70 than non-smokers. In the United States, cigarette smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke account for roughly one in five, or at least 443,000 premature deaths annually. To put this into context, ABC's Peter Jennings (who would later die at 67 from lung cancer caused by life-long smoking) famously reported that in the US alone, smoking tobacco kills the equivalent of three jumbo jets full of people crashing every day, with no survivors. On a worldwide basis, this equates to a single jumbo jet every hour. A 2015 study found that about 17% of mortality due to cigarette smoking in the United States is due to diseases outside of those commonly linked with smoking. Official estimates may therefore be significantly underestimating the number of deaths currently being attributed to smoking. It is estimated that there are between 1 and 1.4 deaths per million cigarettes smoked. Cigarette factories are the most deadly factories in the history of the world.
=== 8 March === EU ministers of defense agreed to purchase 1 billion euros worth of new artillery shells and provide another 1 billion euros worth of existing materials. Manufacturers needed larger orders to be financially secure enough to build new factories; new orders of artillery ammunition could take 2–3 years if produced using only the current factories. The US government was considering sending AIM-120 missiles to arm the Ukrainian Air Force's MiG-29 and Su-27.
=== Fascia dehiscence === The surgical site or wound may allow the passage of air into the body. This most often occurs after abdominal and pelvic surgery. Treatment at this point becomes more complex depending upon the extent of the opening, where it occurs and if contents of the digestive system have entered the body.
=== Agriculture === Chitin is a good inducer of plant defense mechanisms for controlling diseases. It has potential for use as a soil fertilizer or conditioner to improve fertility and plant resilience that may enhance crop yields.
Neanderthals collected non-functional, uniquely-shaped objects, namely shells, fossils, and gems. It is unclear if these objects were simply picked up for their aesthetic qualities, or if some symbolic significance was applied to them. Some shells may have been painted. Gibraltarian palaeoanthropologists Clive and Geraldine Finlayson suggested that Neanderthals used various bird parts as artistic media, especially black feathers. A 2020 study found evidence of a 3-ply cord fragment made from conifer inner-bark fibres at Abri du Maras, France, which can be used to knit light items, such as strings for hanging beads. 115,000-year-old perforated shell beads from Cueva Antón were possibly strung together to make a necklace. There are several instances of nondescript engravings and scratches on flints, bones, pebbles, and stone slabs — as of 2014, 63 purported engravings have been reported from 27 different European and Middle Eastern Lower-to-Middle Palaeolithic sites. It is debated if these were made with symbolic intent. Neanderthals may have produced finger flutings on the walls of La Roche-Cotard over 57,000 years ago. Neanderthals used ochre, a clay earth pigment. It is unclear if this constitutes evidence of artmaking because, while modern humans have used red ochre for decorative or symbolic colouration, they have also used ochre as medicine, hide tanning agent, food preservative, and insect repellent.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
In 1996, as part of Pizza Hut's global advertising strategy using celebrities, Formula One driver Damon Hill and BBC motorsport commentator Murray Walker advertised the stuffed crust pizza, which parodies Walker's extravagant style. Talk show host Jonathan Ross co-starred in an ad with American model Caprice Bourret. They advertised the new stuffed crust pizza, with Jonathan Ross saying "stuffed cwust" due to his rhotacism. Following England's defeat to Germany on penalties in the semifinals of Euro '96, Gareth Southgate, Stuart Pearce, and Chris Waddle featured in an advertisement, which shows Southgate wearing a paper bag over his head in shame as his penalty miss allowed England to lose the shootout. Waddle and Pearce, who both missed in a shootout vs West Germany at World Cup '90, are ridiculing him, emphasizing the word "miss" at every opportunity. After Southgate finishes his pizza, he takes off his paper bag, heads for the door, and bangs his head against the wall. Pearce responds with, "this time he's hit the post".
== Use and effects == In his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved) and other publications, Alexander Shulgin lists 2C-B's dose range as 12 to 24 mg orally and its duration as 4 to 8 hours. However, in an earlier report, he described an effective dose range of 8 to 10 mg orally and a duration of 6 to 8 hours. Threshold effects occur at a dose of 4 mg orally. A wider recreational dose range of 2 to 55 mg or more orally has been described as well, with a typical dose estimate of about 20 mg. A low dose has been said to be 5 to 15 mg, a moderate dose 10 to 25 mg, and a high or strong dose 20 to 50 mg. Most people use doses of 20 mg or lower. Shulgin and others describe 2C-B as having a steep dose–response curve, such that a small increase in dose can result in an unexpectedly large increase in effects. Over the 12 to 24 mg dose range, every 2 mg increment can result in a profound increase or change in effects. Higher doses are said to lead to more intense but not longer-lasting effects. The drug's onset is about 0.5 to 1.2 hours, with a range of 0.3 to 1.5 hours, and its time to peak effects is about 2.5 hours on average. Effects last about 3.1 to 4.9 hours on average and are shorter than those of psilocybin. In addition to oral administration, 2C-B may be insufflated less commonly, with doses being approximately one-third of those of the oral route or in the range of 10 to 30 mg and with this route producing more rapid and intense effects.
An update to Two Point Hospital (2020) on Steam added a patient suffering from a Headcrab attack, while the Steam release of Super Meat Boy featured a playable Headcrab. The Headcrab has received multiple pieces of merchandise, including a 1/4 scale Headcrab Zombie and a plush.
Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a psychoactive drug with stimulant properties that acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It was first developed in the 1960s by a team at Boehringer Ingelheim. MDPV remained an obscure stimulant until around 2004, when it was reported to be sold as a designer drug. Products labeled as bath salts containing MDPV were previously sold as recreational drugs in gas stations and convenience stores in the United States, similar to the marketing for spice and K2 as incense. Incidents of psychological and physical harm have been attributed to MDPV use.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine for human use.
It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors involved in circadian and metabolic gene regulation. This can alter transcription of genes related to lipid and glucose metabolism in experimental models.
No controlled human trials have established that effect. Endurance findings come primarily from rodent studies, and human responses remain unknown.
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that acts on REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not approved for human use and is sold only as a research chemical. Its effects have been studied mainly in cells and rodents.