Everything below concerns storage stability. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Last reviewed on 2026-01-05. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
Regulatory agencies have not approved SR9009 for human therapeutic use. It is typically sold as a research chemical with labels stating that it is not for human consumption. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits the substance in sport, generally under the category of non-approved substances. Customs and national laws may restrict importation, sale, or possession. Product quality and legal status can vary by country and vendor, and therapeutic claims are not permitted in regulated advertising because the compound lacks approval.
Several misconceptions surround SR9009. It is often described as a SARM, a steroid, or an exercise pill, but its known target is the REV-ERB receptor family. Rodent studies have examined exercise capacity and metabolic markers, yet human outcomes remain unproven. Oral bioavailability appears low in animals, and human pharmacokinetics are not well characterized. Online products may contain impurities or different compounds, so identity and purity testing are important for research use.
Analytical chemists detect SR9009 with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, commonly abbreviated LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction before analysis. Laboratories can target the parent compound or its metabolites, depending on the matrix and the purpose of testing. Anti-doping methods require sensitive and specific assays because concentrations in biological samples can be low. Reference standards and validated methods are essential for reliable identification and quantification.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ in preclinical models |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the parent compound |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Common identifier in chemical databases |
| Appearance | Off-white to pale yellow solid | Typical research chemical solid |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low in water | Class: small organic molecule |
SR9009 is frequently discussed in fitness and research-chemical contexts, yet it has no approved medical indication. Regulatory agencies have not authorized it for human use, and it is not a standard prescription drug. Some sports organizations list it as a prohibited substance because of its potential performance-enhancing properties. Published human data are sparse, so claims about its effects in people often rely on animal models or anecdotal reports. Quality and identity of online materials can vary widely.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as a REV-ERB agonist. REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. The compound was identified in academic screening efforts to find synthetic ligands for these receptors. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and it can shift circadian behavior. It is not an approved therapeutic agent.
Handling practices for SR9009 focus on minimizing degradation and contamination. The solid is generally stored desiccated at or below -20 °C, protected from light and moisture. Stock solutions are often prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol, then aliquoted to avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Aqueous solubility is low, so formulations for animal studies may require cosolvents or suspending agents. Personnel should follow institutional chemical safety procedures, because toxicological data for humans are incomplete.
Regulatory status varies by country and intended use. Major drug agencies have not granted marketing authorization for SR9009 as a medicine, and it is not listed as a controlled substance in many jurisdictions. It is often sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside pharmaceutical manufacturing rules. Buyers should verify local laws and supplier documentation, including certificates of analysis. The lack of standardized quality controls raises concerns about identity, purity, and actual content in products marketed online.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule that acts on the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors are part of the circadian clock machinery and normally repress transcription of certain target genes. In laboratory research, SR9009 is used as a chemical tool to study how REV-ERB activity influences metabolism, inflammation, and daily biological rhythms. The compound is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized. It is often described as an investigational agent rather than a therapeutic product.
REV-ERB proteins typically suppress gene expression by recruiting corepressor complexes to DNA response elements. SR9009 binds these receptors and strengthens that repressive action in cell-based assays. Studies in rodents have reported changes in lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and exercise capacity after treatment. Such findings are often cited as evidence for metabolic effects, but species differences and limited pharmacokinetic data make direct translation to humans uncertain. Researchers continue to examine which effects are robust and which depend on specific experimental conditions.
== History == Ripasudil (in the form of ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate) was approved by the PMDA of Japan on September 26, 2014. Glanatec, the trade name of the approved formulation, takes the form of an eye drop solution of 0.4% ripasudil, equivalent to 4 g of ripasudil per 1000 mL of solution. The solution is developed, marketed, and distributed by Kowa Pharmaceuticals, but the compound itself was discovered by D. Western Therapeutics Institute, a company who specializes in protein kinase inhibitory compounds. In September 2002, Kowa Company entered a licensing agreement with D. Western Therapeutics Institute, Inc. with regard to global rights of ripasudil. Under this agreement, D. Western Therapeutics Institute is eligible to receive milestone payments from Kowa. Kowa Company was issued a US patent (No. 8,193,193, entitled ‘‘Agent for prevention or treatment of glaucoma’’) on June 5, 2012 for the use of ripasudil in patients with glaucoma. As of June 25th, 2013, Glanatec is a registered U.S. federal trademark attributed to Kowa.
=== Diabetes control === Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of ischemic stroke by 1.5–3.7 times, and may account for at least 8% of first ischemic strokes. While intensive glucose control can prevent certain complications of diabetes, such as kidney damage and retinal damage, there has previously been little evidence that it decreases the risk of stroke or death. However, data from 2017 suggests that metformin, pioglitazone and semaglutide may reduce stroke risk.
The chemical nature of the stationary phase. The stationary phase can be coated with some ligands at different bonding densities (how many ligands are bonded per surface area). The composition of the mobile phase. The mobile phase may be made of one solvent, or a mixture of several solvents. The solvents can be mixed at different ratios. Different mobile phases have different properties, such as polarity. When a mobile phase consists of mostly one solvent, with some other solvents added in small amounts, those other solvents are called "mobile phase modifiers". The pH of the mobile phase, which affect the ionization state of the solutes and their polarity. This can be changed with additives such as buffers. Usually, the stationary phase is made of a layer of hydrophobic substrate bonded to the surface of porous silica gel particles. The particles come in various shapes (spheric, irregular), at different diameters (sub-2, 3, 5, 7, 10 μm), with varying pore diameters (60, 100, 150, 300 Å). The particle diameters are often given as mesh numbers. For example, 2500-mesh corresponds to a particle diameter of 5 μm. The hydrophobic substrates are generally alkyl chains, such as C3, C4, C8, C18, or more. The longer the chain, the longer the sample components will be retained. It would make the resolution power higher, but also make the chromatography take longer to run. Most current methods of separation of biomedical materials use C18 columns, sometimes called by trade names, such as ODS (octadecylsilane) or RP-18 (reverse phase 18).
To model schizophrenia, animals were injected with phencyclidine (PCP) and, therefore, exhibited symptoms of the disorder, such as social withdrawal and motor responses. Upon injection with ZJ43, these behaviors were decreased, suggesting that an increase in NAAG in the synapse — and its subsequent activation of mGluR3 receptors — has potential as a co-therapy for schizophrenia. In these cases, NAAG peptidase inhibition reduces the adverse effects in these disorders. Future research focuses on the role of NAAG in pain perception, brain injury, and schizophrenia while developing NAAG peptidase inhibitors with even greater ability to cross the blood–brain barrier.[16][17]
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Baculovirus === Baculovirus, a rod-shaped virus which infects insect cells, is used as the expression vector in this system. Insect cell lines derived from Lepidopterans (moths and butterflies), such as Spodoptera frugiperda, are used as host. A cell line derived from the cabbage looper is of particular interest, as it has been developed to grow fast and without the expensive serum normally needed to boost cell growth. The shuttle vector is called bacmid, and gene expression is under the control of a strong promoter pPolh. Baculovirus has also been used with mammalian cell lines in the BacMam system. Baculovirus is normally used for production of glycoproteins, although the glycosylations may be different from those found in vertebrates. In general, it is safer to use than mammalian virus as it has a limited host range and does not infect vertebrates without modifications.
=== Salts === Despite the reduction in relative permittivity, many salts remain soluble in superheated water until the critical point is approached. Sodium chloride, for example, dissolves at 37 wt% at 300 °C As the critical point is approached, solubility drops markedly to a few ppm, and salts are hardly soluble in supercritical water. Some salts show a reduction in solubility with temperature, but this behaviour is less common.
==== Class C sub-family ==== Class C enzymes are reported to play roles in biosynthesis of complex natural products and secondary metabolites. These enzymes methylate heteroaromatic substrates and are cobalamin-independent. These enzymes contain both the radical SAM motif and exhibit striking sequence similarity to coproporhyrinogen III oxidase (HemN), a radical SAM enzyme involved in heme biosynthesis Detailed mechanistic investigations on two class C radical SAM methylases have been reported: TbtI is involved in the biosynthesis of potent thiopeptide antibiotic thiomuracin. Jaw5 is suggested to be responsible for cyclopropane modifications.
== Evolving organizational linkages with the State Department == Foreign aid has always operated within the framework of U.S. foreign policy and the organizational linkages between the Department of State and USAID have been reviewed on many occasions. In 1978, legislation drafted at the request of Senator Hubert Humphrey was introduced to create a Cabinet-level International Development Cooperation Agency (IDCA), whose intended role was to supervise USAID in place of the State Department. Established by executive order in September 1979, it did not in practice make USAID independent. In 1995, legislation to abolish USAID was introduced by Senator Jesse Helms, the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, who aimed to replace USAID with a grant-making foundation. Although the House of Representatives passed a bill abolishing USAID, the measure did not become law. To gain congressional cooperation for his foreign affairs agenda, President Bill Clinton adopted in 1997 a State Department proposal to integrate more foreign affairs agencies into the department. The "Foreign Affairs Agencies Consolidation Act of 1998" (Division G of PL 105-277) abolished IDCA, the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and the United States Information Agency, which formerly maintained American libraries overseas. Although the law authorized the president to abolish USAID, President Clinton did not exercise this option.
=== Selection === The most common peptide aptamer selection system is the yeast two-hybrid system. Peptide aptamers can also be selected from combinatorial peptide libraries constructed by phage display and other surface display technologies such as mRNA display, ribosome display, bacterial display and yeast display. These experimental procedures are also known as biopanning. All the peptides panned from combinatorial peptide libraries have been stored in the MimoDB database.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== Purification of amines ==== Amines (analogously to ammonia) have a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom that can form a relatively weak bond to a hydrogen atom. It is therefore the case that under acidic conditions amines are typically protonated, carrying a positive charge and under basic conditions they are typically deprotonated and neutral. Amines of sufficiently low molecular weight are rather polar and can form hydrogen bonds with water and therefore will readily dissolve in aqueous solutions. Deprotonated amines on the other hand, are neutral and have greasy, nonpolar organic substituents, and therefore have a higher affinity for nonpolar inorganic solvents. As such purification steps can be carried out where an aqueous solution of an amine is neutralized with a base such as sodium hydroxide, then shaken in a separatory funnel with a nonpolar solvent that is immiscible with water. The organic phase is then drained off. Subsequent processing can recover the amine by techniques such as recrystallization, evaporation or distillation; subsequent extraction back to a polar phase can be performed by adding HCl and shaking again in a separatory funnel (at which point the ammonium ion could be recovered by adding an insoluble counterion), or in either phase, reactions could be performed as part of a chemical synthesis.
49 Squadron RAF in October 1956 in Operation Buffalo at Maralinga; Project Dazzle and its research on re-entry vehicles enabled the Mercury-Atlas 6 launch to happen in February 1962; the Australian government built four launch pads for the Blue Streak in 1959, but it was cancelled in 1960, the redesignated satellite launcher Blue Streak first launched on 5 June 1964, and satellites would be launched by 1966, but only WRESAT was launched in November 1967, on a Redstone rocket instead; Woomera launched over 4000 missiles and cost the Australian government £900m; the site was demolished by the Australian government at the end of the 1960s; part of the former site is now the secret Joint Defense Facility Nurrungar 17 September Not in the Stars, making mathematical models for predictions; Robert May, Baron May of Oxford of Imperial College; William Phillips and his 1949 MONIAC economic model; a British Airways 747 flight simulator; computer models of epidemics - the R number, and vaccination policies; the UK fishing industry had quotas imposed in 1983, due to mathematical models of fish stocks; John Shepherd of the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) laboratory in Lowestoft; computer models of warfare were developed by the Defence Operational Analysis Establishment in West Byfleet with deputy director David Faddy, which closed six years later, superseded in function by CORDA (UK); Irving Mintzer of the World Resources Institute; the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center had developed computer models of the Earth's atmosphere, such as rainfall; the hole in the Ozone layer and phytoplankton, with Norman Myers; Ian Riley of the Economist Intelligence Unit. Narrated by Bob Peck. Written, produced and directed by Chris Haws, made by InCA 24 September Race for the Top, CERN versus Fermilab; in 1983 CERN discovered the W and Z bosons, it and Fermilab were looking for the top quark; Leon M. Lederman, director of Fermilab; Andy Parker of CERN; CERN had 80 scientists led by Luigi Di Lella on its UA2 experiment, and Fermilab had its Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF); Roy Schwitters; Fermilab had discovered the bottom quark in 1977; John Ellis of CERN; each team prepared for an annual physics conference at La Thuile, Aosta Valley in north-west Italy; UA2 had a meeting in July 1989 in Cambridge; the top quark would be discovered in 1995 with 175 GeV by Fermilab. Narrated by Carole Boyd, known for playing Lynda Snell in The Archers, joint production InCA and WGBH 1 October Walk on Wheels, a half-million disabled people have a wheelchair in the UK; NHS wheelchairs were made by Carter's; the quick-release axle was developed in World War II, for releasing munitions; the residential Treloar School in Alton, Hampshire, which was funded by individual LEAs, with charity funding as well; Bill Walmsley of the Department of Health's wheelchair research centre in Blackpool, now part of the Disability and Carers Service at DWP Peel Park at the end of the M55 motorway, on the A5230 in Westby-with-Plumptons. Narrated by John Hedges, produced by Jeremy Llewellyn-Jones, made by Chrysalis Television (North One Television) 8 October Invasion of the Body Scanners, a reference to the 1956 film Invasion of the Body Snatchers; X-rays were introduced in the 1890s, but it took fifty years to vastly improve the early crude techniques; CT was invented in the late 1960s - its inventor with Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh; Ian McDougall at a magnet technology company, who designed the first magnet, cooled with liquid helium in 1979; X-ray scans were a fairly crude process, but other types required computer image processing; Michael Boswell of GE Medical Systems; scans were taken in the coronal plane and sagittal plane; by 1989 the NHS only had four of these scanners - one was at Frenchay Hospital, made by GEC Medical (Picker International) - there were around 25 scanners in the whole UK; the Brockton Hospital; there were 1500 scanners in the US, with 39 in Massachusetts; Donald Longmore of the National Heart and Chest Hospitals, who performed the UK's first heart transplant on 3 May 1968; CT scanning had been performed for neuroradiology since the mid-1970s; radiology at Middlesex Hospital; medical ultrasound was a much safer technique than X-rays, and a new type deployed the Doppler effect, but medical ultrasound lacked cast-iron image definition; but scanners were hideously expensive, due to the convoluted enormous magnets that were required. Narrated by John Benson, produced by Mike Johnstone, directed by Ed Newstead, made by VATV (Video Arts) 15 October Wheels of War, about the early 1990s Leyland 4-tonne truck and defence procurement; James Adams, journalist; military historian Correlli Barnett; general service (GS) cargo vehicles, and a RE vehicle carrying a Medium Girder Bridge; a youthful-looking Mark Francois; the Austin Champ, designed in the 1950s; the British Aerospace Nimrod AEW3 was cancelled in 1986 at a cost of £860m; cost-plus contracts were replaced by competitive; Sir Peter Levine was brought in as Chief of Defence Procurement; the Leyland 4-tonne truck would replace the Bedford MK, made by Bedford Vehicles; journalist John Parsons; each vehicle would cost around £23,000 each; the Leyland 5-tonne was developed from its Comet and Roadrunner vehicles (developed into the DAF LF) under project director Stuart Hayes; the equivalent German vehicle, the MAN KAT1, had cost £75,000 each; the Panavia Tornado; Leyland design engineer Colin Ingram; the three vehicle prototypes were punishingly tested at the Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment (RARDE). Narrated by Anthony Valentine, produced by Patrick Uden made by Uden Associates 22 October Three Score Years and Then? 29 October Robotopia, advances of robotics in Japan, and bizarre contraptions; Frederik L. Schodt, author of the 1988 book Inside the Robot Kingdom - for hundreds of years until 1853, Japan was a fairly backward country; Joseph Engelberger, who developed the first industrial robot, Unimate, made by his company Unimation from 1961 - there were around 200,000 industrial robots, with around 130,000 of those in Japan; Japanese robot artist Hajime Sorayama, who drew lurid female robots; automated mannequins; nineteen universities in Japan were developing ungainly humanoid robots, notably Ichiro Kato at Waseda University; Seiuemon Inaba of FANUC, produced by Mike Wallington, made by Kai Productions 5 November Fly-by-wire, the new Airbus 320; software engineer Mike Hennell of the University of Liverpool; Roger Beteille, managing director of Airbus from 1967–85, and Henri Ziegler; John Knight of the University of Virginia; software engineer Bev Littlewood of City University; the A320 was the first fly-by-wire airliner; Blind Landing Experimental Unit testing at RAE Bedford in the 1960s, and developing the automatic pilot with a Vickers Valetta; testing Concorde in a wind tunnel; the Apollo project had depended on computers - it couldn't be done otherwise; Paul Ceruzzi of the Air and Space Museum; Philip Felleman of the Draper Laboratory; testing the F-16 in the early 1970s; Joe Sutter, head of Boeing from 1981–86; Boeing introduced flight management systems, so not needing a flight engineer; David Learmount of Flight International, and how Airbus had more commercial need to be innovative; the A300 was the first two-engined wide body aircraft; the A310 had electrical hydraulics and electronic control of some flight surfaces; John Cullyer of the University of Warwick; the A320 had five master computers; Gordon Corps, the Airbus test pilot, later to fly on Thai Airways International Flight 311 in 1992; Gilles Pichon, chief engineer of the A320; Jacques Troyes, head of Flight Control at Airbus; there was emergency mechanical control to the rudder and tail trim; the June 1988 Air France Flight 296Q - Michel Asseline, the pilot, said the aircraft had tried to land, when he tried to raise the aircraft; Alain Monnier of the DGAC said it was pilot error; Greg Holt of the FAA and Brian Perry of the CAA; the four-engined A330 would be manufactured from 1992; a prototype fly-by-wire relaxed stability Saab JAS 39 Gripen tumbles on 2 February 1989 at Linköping/Saab Airport, piloted by Lars Rådeström. Narrated by James Bellini, produced by Ben Shephard (historian), directed by John Longley, made by Box Television with WGBH 12 November Deadly Force, aerial shots of Miami; the WINZ Miami broadcaster; the Miami SWAT response team; the 1980 Miami riots; Sgt Louis Battle, Bernie Gonzalez and the Heckler & Koch MP5; Tom Salerno and the Remington Model 870 pump action shotgun, the M1911 pistol and Beretta M9; Ted Bradley; a WSVN news broadcast with Jane Akre; two thirds of Miami's population were Latin-American, and had many exiled citizens; the 1980 Mariel boatlift, from Cuba, added to the population and much to the crime; Miami had two murders a day in the 1980s; Robert Waller; Edna Buchanan of the Miami Herald; severed limbs washed up on Miami beach; the Colt Python; the Beretta 92; the Colt AR-15 semi-automatic rifle; 80% of SWAT call-outs were connected to the drug trade; two thirds of illegal drugs went through Miami; Sgt Louis Philips and negotiation techniques; SWAT negotiator Eric Caspener; 95% of SWAT negotiations work. Produced by David Jones, directed by Catherine Bailey, made by Buffalo Pictures 19 November Faster than a Speeding Bullet, and the quest for supersonic flight, eventually resulting in Concorde. The programme features former Concorde pilot Christopher Orlebar, who wrote The Concorde Story. The history of supersonic research dates back to the 18th Century, but supersonic flight only became achievable after the development of the jet engine. Featured aircraft include: the wartime Messerschmitt Me 262; the innovative de Havilland DH 108; the Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet; the Fairey Delta 2, the Bell X1 and numerous experimental "X Planes". After the war, the world's fastest non-experimental aircraft was the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird, which could fly at 95,000 ft at 2,300 mph. The programme interviews key figures in the development of supersonic military aircraft and second generation SST (Supersonic Transport) aircraft. Narrated by Tony Anholt, written, produced and directed by Chris Haws, made by InCA
== Operations == JEOL Ltd. has four business segments. Electron Optics manufactures scanning electron microscopes, transmission electron microscopes and scanning probe microscopes, along with related equipment. The Analytical Instruments section's products include mass spectrometers, nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance equipment. The Industrial Equipment segment covers a range of equipment particularly targeted at the semiconductor industry, such as electron beam sources, wafer process monitors, and plasma gun series. Finally, the Medical Equipment segment manufactures automatic analysis devices, clinical diagnostic systems and amino acid analyzers.
==== Calorimetry errors ==== The calculation of excess heat in electrochemical cells involves certain assumptions. Errors in these assumptions have been offered as non-nuclear explanations for excess heat. One assumption made by Fleischmann and Pons is that the efficiency of electrolysis is nearly 100%, meaning nearly all the electricity applied to the cell resulted in electrolysis of water, with negligible resistive heating and substantially all the electrolysis product leaving the cell unchanged. This assumption gives the amount of energy expended converting liquid D2O into gaseous D2 and O2. The efficiency of electrolysis is less than one if hydrogen and oxygen recombine to a significant extent within the calorimeter. Several researchers have described potential mechanisms by which this process could occur and thereby account for excess heat in electrolysis experiments. Another assumption is that heat loss from the calorimeter maintains the same relationship with measured temperature as found when calibrating the calorimeter. This assumption ceases to be accurate if the temperature distribution within the cell becomes significantly altered from the condition under which calibration measurements were made. This can happen, for example, if fluid circulation within the cell becomes significantly altered. Recombination of hydrogen and oxygen within the calorimeter would also alter the heat distribution and invalidate the calibration.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans are not well characterized.
No. It is a synthetic ligand that binds nuclear receptors, not a steroid or peptide hormone. Its activity depends on receptor binding rather than endocrine secretion.
Clinical evidence is limited. Most published data come from cell and animal experiments. Human safety and efficacy remain uncertain.
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. In many places it is not approved as a medicine and may be sold only as a research chemical. Importation or possession can be restricted, and sports organizations prohibit it.