Everything below concerns WADA. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Updated 2026-02-08. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Analytical identification of SR9009 typically relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In biological samples, researchers first separate the compound from matrix components using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural confirmation of reference materials. Because SR9009 is a small, relatively lipophilic molecule, reverse-phase columns and acidic mobile phases are common. Laboratories often include isotope-labeled internal standards to improve quantification and to correct for ion suppression.
Stability depends on physical form, temperature, light exposure, and solvent. Solid SR9009 is generally stored cold and dry, with protection from light to limit degradation. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks are common for laboratory work, but repeated freeze-thaw cycles can reduce compound integrity. Aqueous solutions may be less stable than organic stocks, and the ethyl ester in the structure can be susceptible to hydrolysis under certain conditions. Researchers typically validate storage conditions and recheck purity before quantitative experiments, especially when using archived material.
Handling practices for SR9009 focus on minimizing degradation and contamination. The solid is generally stored desiccated at or below -20 °C, protected from light and moisture. Stock solutions are often prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol, then aliquoted to avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Aqueous solubility is low, so formulations for animal studies may require cosolvents or suspending agents. Personnel should follow institutional chemical safety procedures, because toxicological data for humans are incomplete.
Regulatory status varies by country and intended use. Major drug agencies have not granted marketing authorization for SR9009 as a medicine, and it is not listed as a controlled substance in many jurisdictions. It is often sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside pharmaceutical manufacturing rules. Buyers should verify local laws and supplier documentation, including certificates of analysis. The lack of standardized quality controls raises concerns about identity, purity, and actual content in products marketed online.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is commonly identified by its molecular structure and its interaction with REV-ERB receptors. Vendors may list it under synonyms such as Stenabolic or REV-ERB agonist, but those names do not define purity or identity. Analytical confirmation typically uses high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A reference standard is needed to compare retention time and mass spectrum, because the compound can be confused with related research chemicals.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Nickname is not a chemical name. |
| Typical analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Often with isotope-labeled internal standard. |
| Storage temperature | -20 °C | Desiccated and protected from light. |
| Solution stability | DMSO stock; avoid freeze-thaw | Store at -20 to -80 °C. |
| Regulatory status | Not approved; varies by country | May be restricted as research chemical. |
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
REV-ERB proteins typically suppress gene expression by recruiting corepressor complexes to DNA response elements. SR9009 binds these receptors and strengthens that repressive action in cell-based assays. Studies in rodents have reported changes in lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and exercise capacity after treatment. Such findings are often cited as evidence for metabolic effects, but species differences and limited pharmacokinetic data make direct translation to humans uncertain. Researchers continue to examine which effects are robust and which depend on specific experimental conditions.
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule that acts on the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors are part of the circadian clock machinery and normally repress transcription of certain target genes. In laboratory research, SR9009 is used as a chemical tool to study how REV-ERB activity influences metabolism, inflammation, and daily biological rhythms. The compound is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized. It is often described as an investigational agent rather than a therapeutic product.
Analytical chemists detect SR9009 with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, commonly abbreviated LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction before analysis. Laboratories can target the parent compound or its metabolites, depending on the matrix and the purpose of testing. Anti-doping methods require sensitive and specific assays because concentrations in biological samples can be low. Reference standards and validated methods are essential for reliable identification and quantification.
Regulatory agencies have not approved SR9009 for human therapeutic use. It is typically sold as a research chemical with labels stating that it is not for human consumption. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits the substance in sport, generally under the category of non-approved substances. Customs and national laws may restrict importation, sale, or possession. Product quality and legal status can vary by country and vendor, and therapeutic claims are not permitted in regulated advertising because the compound lacks approval.
Several misconceptions surround SR9009. It is often described as a SARM, a steroid, or an exercise pill, but its known target is the REV-ERB receptor family. Rodent studies have examined exercise capacity and metabolic markers, yet human outcomes remain unproven. Oral bioavailability appears low in animals, and human pharmacokinetics are not well characterized. Online products may contain impurities or different compounds, so identity and purity testing are important for research use.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory research, SR9009 has been used to probe how these receptors affect skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The compound was identified in academic drug-discovery work and is often described in scientific literature by its chemical name and research code. It is not an approved medicine, and human clinical data remain limited or absent.
SR9009 binds REV-ERB receptors and alters their repressive activity on target genes. This action can change transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. In rodent studies, treated animals have shown changes in muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance, though effects vary by dose, duration, and model. The precise molecular steps connecting receptor binding to whole-body outcomes are still an active area of investigation. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
Another group displayed, with a series of controls, that mixed droplet composition involving potassium iodide was detected accurately on the time scale of seconds with optimal voltage, velocity, and pH ranges. In addition to this, a more unique approach is developing within chronoamperometric readings, where magneto-fluidic systems have been created and the potential readings are measured in otherwise electro-inactive fluids by the dissolution of magnetic microparticles into the reagent. This method is enhanced into a digital microfluidic (DMF) setting, where gold and silver electrodes in junction with dissolved magnetic microparticles in the fluids replaced the typical fluorescence-based detection of droplets in the immunoassay of biomarker analytes. The above experiment by Shamsi et al, alludes to the main use for electrochemical detection in microfluidics; biosensing for various measurements such as enzyme kinetics and biological assays of many other types of cells. Increased control on the system is needed for these processes as with increasing flow rate, enzyme detection decreases. Though as an enzymatic reaction progresses, the amperometric reading will evolve as well, allowing for rapid monitoring of the kinetics. Also, specific surfactants can lack biocompatibility with the system, affecting the enzyme and skewing detection. The reaches of this application have even had effects in aquaculture and economics, as electrochemical sensing has been used to test the freshness of fish rapidly.
Respiratory acidosis (end-tidal CO2 above 55 mmHg/7.32 kPa or arterial pCO2 above 60 mmHg/7.98 kPa) Heart involvement (unexplained sinus tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation) Metabolic acidosis (base excess lower than -8, pH <7.25) Muscle rigidity (generalized rigidity including severe masseter muscle rigidity) Muscle breakdown (CK >20,000/L units, cola colored urine or excess myoglobin in urine or serum, potassium above 6 mmol/L) Temperature increase (rapidly increasing temperature, T >38.8 °C) Other (rapid reversal of MH signs with dantrolene, elevated resting serum CK levels) Family history (autosomal dominant pattern)
Until the end of the 19th century, the history of Upper Volta was dominated by the empire-building Mossi/Mossi Kingdoms, who are believed to have come up to their present location from present-day northern Ghana. For centuries, the Mossi peasant was both farmer and soldier, and the Mossi people were able to defend their religious beliefs and social structure against forcible attempts to convert them to Islam by Muslims from the northwest. When the French arrived and claimed the area in 1896, Mossi resistance ended with the capture of their capital at Ouagadougou. In 1919, certain provinces from Upper Senegal and Niger were united into a separate colony called the Upper Volta in the French West Africa federation. In 1932, the new colony was dismembered in a move to economise; it was reconstituted in 1937 as an administrative division called the Upper Coast. After World War II, the Mossi renewed their pressure for separate territorial status and on 4 September 1947, Upper Volta became a French West African territory again in its own right. The indigenous population was highly discriminated against. For example, African children were not allowed to ride bicycles or pick fruit from trees, "privileges" reserved for the children of colonists. Violating these regulations could land parents in jail. A revision in the organisation of French overseas territories began with the passage of the Basic Law (Loi Cadre) of 23 July 1956.
=== Phrixotoxin-1 === Mice that are injected with phrixotoxin-1 can experience numerous, transient, adverse cardiac reactions, such as premature ventricular beats, ventricular tachycardia, and atrio-ventricular blocks. Neurological effects observed are motor impairment and convulsions. These effects are seen following both intravenous and intracisternal injection, making it likely that phrixotoxin-1 crosses the blood brain barrier (Diochot 1999).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Endometrium: the mucosa of the uterus Gastric mucosa Intestinal mucosa Nasal mucosa Olfactory mucosa Oral mucosa Penile mucosa Respiratory mucosa Vaginal mucosa Frenulum of tongue Anal canal Conjunctiva
Euphoria/ecstasy – a sense of general well-being and happiness Increased self-confidence, sociability, and perception of facilitated communication Entactogenic effects—increased empathy or feelings of closeness with others and oneself Dilated pupils Relaxation and reduced anxiety Increased emotionality A sense of inner peace Mild hallucination Enhanced sensation, perception, or sexuality Altered sense of time The experience elicited by MDMA depends on the dose, setting, and user. The variability of the induced altered state is lower compared to other psychedelics. For example, MDMA used at parties is associated with high motor activity, reduced sense of identity, and poor awareness of surroundings. Use of MDMA individually or in small groups in a quiet environment and when concentrating, is associated with increased lucidity, concentration, sensitivity to aesthetic aspects of the environment, enhanced awareness of emotions, and improved capability of communication. In psychotherapeutic settings, MDMA effects have been characterized by infantile ideas, mood lability, and memories and moods connected with childhood experiences. MDMA has been described as an "empathogenic" drug because of its empathy-producing effects. Results of several studies show the effects of increased empathy with others. When testing MDMA for medium and high doses, it showed increased hedonic and arousal continuum. The effect of MDMA increasing sociability is consistent, while its effects on empathy have been more mixed.
=== In English translation === Kermani, Navid (2011). The Terror of God: Attar, Job and the Metaphysical Revolt. Translated by Wieland Hoban. Cambridge, UK: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-4527-8. OCLC 668946700. Kermani, Navid (2015). God is Beautiful: The Aesthetic Experience of the Quran. Translated by Tony Crawford. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ISBN 978-0745651675. OCLC 881418248. Kermani, Navid (2016). Between Quran and Kafka: West-eastern Affinities. Translated by Tony Crawford. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ISBN 978-1-5095-0033-8. OCLC 940342167. Kermani, Navid (2017). Upheaval: The Refugee Trek through Europe. Translated by Tony Crawford. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ISBN 978-1-5095-1868-5. OCLC 982184554. Kermani, Navid (2017). Wonder Beyond Belief: On Christianity. Translated by Tony Crawford (English ed.). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ISBN 978-1509514847. (2018 Schlegel-Tieck Prize.) Kermani, Navid (2018). State of Emergency: Travels in a Troubled World. Translated by Tony Crawford. Cambridge, UK: Polity. ISBN 978-1-5095-1470-0. Kermani, Navid (2019). Love Writ Large. Translated by Alexander Booth. London: Seagull Books. ISBN 978-0-85742-602-4. OCLC 1051682987. Kermani, Navid (2020). Along the Trenches: A Journey through Eastern Europe to Isfahan. Translated by Tony Crawford. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ISBN 978-1-5095-3557-6. OCLC 1097364913. Kermani, Navid (2022). Tomorrow Is Here: Speeches. Translated by Tony Crawford. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ISBN 978-1-5095-5056-2. OCLC 1292971292. Kermani, Navid (2023).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Serous acinar cells are roughly pyramid shape, with the apex of the pyramid pointing towards to the center of the (roughly spherical) acinus. Inside of the cell on the side with the apex, there are specialize saliva-material containing structures called secretory granules. Compared to mucous acinar cells, their nuclei is more round, and centrally located.
Bilberries are found in acidic, nutrient-poor soils throughout the temperate and subarctic regions of the world. Because they are difficult to grow and the fruit is small, bilberries are seldom cultivated. Fruits are mostly collected from wild plants growing on publicly accessible lands throughout northern and central Europe where they are plentiful; for example, bilberries occur on about 17% of the land area of Sweden, where the berry is called blåbär (lit. "blueberry", which is a source of confusion with the North American blueberry). Bilberries can be picked by a berry-picking rake like lingonberries, but are more susceptible to damage. In Iceland, bilberries (known as aðalbláber, or "prime blueberry") grow predominantly in Westfjords and the surrounding area. In most of the country, the subtype bog blueberry occupies the same habitat. Both species are commonly found growing with dwarf birch and crowberries. Wild growth is vast compared to the population of Iceland and wild harvesting is legal, and a common activity in August when the berry season peaks. In Ireland, bilberries (known as fraochán) were traditionally gathered on the last Sunday in July, known as Bilberry Sunday, for the Celtic harvest festival of Lughnasadh, which marked the end of the hungry month of July.
AMP + H2O + H+ → IMP + NH3 (catalyzed by AMP deaminase in skeletal muscle) Adenosine + H2O → Inosine + NH3 (catalyzed by adenosine deaminase in skeletal muscle, blood, liver) Ammonia is toxic, disrupts cell function, and permeates cell membranes. Ammonia becomes ammonium (NH+4) depending on the pH of the cell or plasma. Ammonium is relatively non-toxic and does not readily permeate cell membranes. NH3 + H+ ⇌ NH+4Ammonia (NH3) diffuses into the blood, circulating to the liver to be neutralized by the urea cycle. (N.b. urea is not the same as uric acid, though both are end products of the purine nucleotide cycle, from ammonia and nucleotides respectively.) When the skeletal muscles are at rest (ADP<ATP), ammonia (NH3) combines with glutamate to produce glutamine, which is an energy-consuming step, and the glutamine enters the blood.Glutamate + NH3 + ATP → Glutamine + ADP + Pi (catalyzed by glutamine synthetase in resting skeletal muscle)Excess glutamine is used by proximal tubule in the kidneys for ammoniagenesis, which may counteract any metabolic acidosis from anaerobic skeletal muscle activity. In kidneys, glutamine is deaminated twice to form glutamate and then α-ketoglutarate. These NH3 molecules neutralise the organic acids (lactic acid and ketone bodies) produced in the muscles.Glutamine + H2O → Glutamate + NH+4 (catalyzed by glutaminase in the kidneys)
=== Biotechnology === BASF was cooperating with Monsanto Company in research, development and marketing of biotechnology. In correlation to this work, BASF has licensed many gene editing tools including CRISPR Cas9 and CRISPR Cas12a (Cpf1). The BASF Plant Science subsidiary produces the Amflora and Starch Potato genetically modified potato with reduced amylose. In 2010 BASF conducted Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs approved trials of genetically modified potatoes in the United Kingdom. Starch Potato was authorised for use in the USA in 2014. Other GM crops are Phytaseed Canola varieties with phytase, sulfonylurea herbicide tolerant soybean and drought tolerant corn (with cold shock protein B) developed with Monsanto.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The most common approach is liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, often after extraction from blood, urine, or tissue. Ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are used mainly for reference material characterization. Isotope-labeled internal standards improve accuracy.
Solid material is usually kept at -20 °C, desiccated, and protected from light. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks should be stored cold and subjected to minimal freeze-thaw cycles. Aqueous solutions are generally less stable and should be prepared fresh when possible.
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. It is not an approved medicine, and some places restrict or ban sales for human consumption. Buyers should verify local rules and product documentation before procurement.
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry is common for identity and purity checks. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection can also be used. Both methods require a suitable reference standard.