If you have been reading about research chemical and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Last reviewed on 2026-04-08. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
REV-ERB proteins help regulate daily cycles in gene expression, including genes tied to lipid and glucose metabolism. SR9009 binds these receptors and alters their activity in cell and animal experiments. Consequences observed in rodents include changes in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, blood lipid levels, and exercise performance. The precise chain from receptor occupancy to whole-body effects is still an active area of study. Human responses cannot be assumed from rodent data.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | SR9009 | Also referred to as Stenabolic in non-scientific contexts. |
| Chemical class | Synthetic small molecule | Not a steroid or peptide hormone. |
| Receptor target | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptor agonist in preclinical studies. |
| Development status | Investigational | No approved human therapeutic indication. |
| Regulatory attention | Prohibited in sport | Listed by anti-doping authorities. |
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
SR9009 stability depends on temperature, moisture, light, and solvent. Solid material is generally kept cool and dry, while solutions may require protection from repeated warming and cooling. Degradation can appear as color changes, precipitate, or new chromatographic peaks. Researchers should follow supplier instructions and their own stability data. Long-term storage conditions for human use have not been established because the compound lacks approved clinical formulation.
SR9009 is supplied as a solid research chemical, often in milligram quantities. Laboratories typically weigh it in a controlled environment because fine powders can disperse. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored in small aliquots to reduce freeze-thaw cycles. Personal protective equipment and chemical fume hoods are standard when handling unknown or potent compounds. These practices address laboratory safety rather than human use.
For prolonged treatment of lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, adverse effects include the acute symptoms, plus altered eye pigmentation, acne, anemia, bleaching of hair, blisters in mouth and eyes, blood disorders, cardiomyopathy, convulsions, vision difficulties, diminished reflexes, emotional changes, excessive coloring of the skin, hearing loss, hives, itching, liver problems or liver failure, loss of hair, muscle paralysis, weakness or atrophy, nightmares, psoriasis, reading difficulties, tinnitus, skin inflammation and scaling, skin rash, vertigo, weight loss, and occasionally urinary incontinence. Hydroxychloroquine can worsen existing cases of both psoriasis and porphyria. Children may be especially vulnerable to developing adverse effects from hydroxychloroquine overdoses.
=== Similar species === Xanthoria parietina can be confused with several closely related species, particularly X. aureola and X. calcicola. Molecular evidence supports that these are distinct species, though they share morphological similarities. X. aureola was historically considered synonymous with X. parietina but is now recognized as a separate species. Compared to X. parietina, X. aureola has a thicker thallus (averaging 320 μm vs. 236 μm), narrower lobes at their widest point (averaging 2.3 mm vs. 2.9 mm), and a rough upper surface with visible crystals rather than smooth. The central parts of X. aureola are covered with overlapping, crenulate to strap-shaped lobules. It typically produces fewer apothecia, and shows an ecological preference for seashore rocks, while X. parietina occurs on various substrates. Xanthoria calcicola differs from X. parietina by its rough upper surface with crystals, central parts covered with coarse isidia or papilla-like projections, and dull orange-yellow color compared to the brighter yellow of X. parietina. It typically has scattered apothecia when present (versus abundant in X. parietina), thalline margins of apothecia that range from smooth to rough to crenulate, a distinct chemosyndrome (a set of related secondary metabolites), and preference for calcareous substrates like stone walls, rarely growing on bark. Molecular analysis shows X. calcicola and X. aureola are more closely related to each other than either is to X.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/10.24.8297 Procedure for C2 deuteration of nucleic acids and determination of AY 31 pseudouridine conformation by nuclear overhauser effect. Roy, S., Papastavros, M.Z., & Redfield, AG. (1982) Nucleic Acids Res, 10, 8341-8349. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/10.24.8341 Roy, S., & Redfield, AG. Nuclear Overhauser effect study and assignment of D stem and reverse hoogsteen base pair proton of yeast tRNAasp. (1981) Nucleic Acids Res, 9, 7073-7083. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/9.24.7073 Hydrophobic basis of packing in globular proteins. Rose, GD. & Roy, S. (1980) Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA), 77, 4643-4647. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.77.8.4643
== Culture == Most of the district's news media has been either weekly or monthly publications. The earliest newspaper was the Scarborough News and Advertiser which was published weekly starting in September 1921, which lasted until the 1930s. Other short-lived papers and magazines included The Enterprise (1945–1966), Scarborough Mail (1946–1955) and The News (1952–1996) and 54east magazine (2005–2009). The last remaining English-language local newspaper was the Scarborough Mirror, which started publication in 1962 and was later acquired by the Toronto Star's community news division, Metroland. In 2023, it became an online-only publication as part of Toronto.com. A Scarborough edition of the Toronto-wide photography publication SNAP Scarborough was launched in 2009. Ming Pao Daily News is a Chinese-language newspaper whose headquarters is in the district. They started publication in 1993. In 1961, the CTV Toronto (CFTO) television channel began operating from the 9 Channel Nine Court studios at the intersection of McCowan Road and Highway 401. Today, the studio also is the headquarters of The Sports Network (TSN). Both companies produce programming at the studio. In 1970, Trillium Cable started to provide cable TV service to Scarborough. It was purchased by Shaw Cable in 1995; but later swapped with Rogers Cable in 2001. During the early days of the company, they produced several local shows for their own cable channel. These shows were produced by volunteers and showed a wide variation in quality. These shows were satirized by Mike Myers in his comedy film Wayne's World.
self-organized convection in natural waters causing thermal cycling → added β-subunit of F1 ATP synthase (generated ATP by thermal cycling of subunit during suspension in convection cell: thermosynthesis) → added membrane and Fo ATP synthase moiety (generated ATP by change in electrical polarization of membrane during thermal cycling: thermosynthesis) → added metastable, light-induced electric dipoles in membrane (primitive photosynthesis) → added quinones and membrane-spanning light-induced electric dipoles (today's bacterial photosynthesis, which makes use of chemiosmosis).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== Iatrogenic calcinosis cutis ==== Iatrogenic calcinosis cutis is characterized by firm nodules in the subcutis or dermis, which are caused by calcium salts precipitating quickly in the skin. This occurrence typically manifests as a warm, sensitive swelling at the site of venipuncture, and it most frequently happens following the extravasation of intravenous calcium chloride, calcium gluconate, or phosphate-containing solutions. Iatrogenic calcification, which manifests as soft yellow-white epidermal plaques, has also been linked to calcium salt exposure via electroencephalography or electromyographic electrode compounds.
Bodybuilding.com is an American online retailer of dietary supplements and bodybuilding supplements, based in Boise, Idaho. The site also once had a highly popular forum section which was shut down in September 2024. In September 2015, the CEO and founder Ryan DeLuca stepped down from his role, announcing he would be succeeded on an interim basis by Liberty Media CFO Chris Shean. Chris Shean was subsequently replaced with the appointment of Karl Walsh in October 2021.
From 1978 to 1984, the Philippine parliament was called the Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly), and its elected members were called Mambabatas Pambansa (National Assemblyman), often shortened to "MP".
== Hinderance == A hump can cause stress on the spine. In brown bears, a hump may cause lesions on the cranial thoracic vertebrae, the vertebra most directly near it. Captive bears with such a condition are usually euthanized. The gudaali is a zebu breed developed in Africa, which, compared to other breeds, has a smaller body and larger hump. This combination makes locomotion difficult for the animal. Zebu cows with especially large humps may have reduced fertility.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic compound studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine and has mainly been examined in laboratory and animal research.
No. It is a small molecule that binds nuclear receptors involved in circadian regulation. Its classification differs from anabolic steroids or peptide hormones.
Published human clinical trial data are lacking. Most safety and activity information comes from preclinical models, so effects in people remain uncertain.
It is a synthetic research compound that activates REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug or dietary supplement. Most information comes from cell and animal studies.