NR1D1 is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Last reviewed on 2026-05-29. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, also called NR1D1 and NR1D2. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene programs. The compound was developed for laboratory research, not as an approved therapeutic. Its identity is distinct from steroid hormones and selective androgen receptor modulators. Scientific interest centers on how REV-ERB activation changes gene expression in cells and animal models.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
Preclinical reports have linked SR9009 to improved endurance and altered energy expenditure in rodents. Such findings have prompted interest in whether REV-ERB activation can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. However, the reported effects depend on dose, route, and experimental model, and replication across laboratories is limited. Human trials have not established comparable outcomes, so claims about exercise performance remain speculative. The absence of controlled human data is a central limitation in interpreting these observations.
The mechanism of action involves binding to REV-ERB receptors and recruiting corepressor complexes, which represses target gene transcription. This contrasts with many nuclear receptor agonists that activate transcription. Downstream effects may include changes in autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid handling, but the precise pathways remain an active area of study. Whether these molecular events translate into meaningful physiological effects in humans is unresolved. Most evidence comes from cultured cells and rodent models rather than human participants.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic small molecule | Studied as a REV-ERB agonist |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the neutral compound |
| Appearance | Off-white to pale yellow solid | Typical research-grade material |
| Solubility | Sparingly soluble in water | Soluble in solvents such as DMSO |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Stenabolic is an informal alias |
SR9009 is generally described as poorly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in an organic solvent before dilution into an aqueous buffer or vehicle. Precipitation can occur if the organic fraction is reduced too quickly or if the final concentration exceeds the compound's solubility limit. Sonication or gentle warming may aid dissolution in some protocols, but excessive heat can promote degradation. Container material and pH can also influence observed solubility.
For long-term storage, SR9009 is typically kept as a solid at low temperature, protected from moisture and light. Desiccated conditions limit hydrolysis, while opaque containers reduce photochemical breakdown. Solutions are less stable than solids and are often stored frozen in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Stability data are not standardized across all suppliers, so users should rely on certificate-of-analysis information when available. Degradation may appear as color change, precipitate, or decreased chromatographic purity.
Handling recommendations for SR9009 in a laboratory setting include storing the solid at low temperature, protected from light and moisture. The compound is often dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol for experiments. Solutions should be prepared with appropriate personal protective equipment and disposed of according to local rules. Stability data for long-term storage are limited, so stock solutions are typically kept cold and used within defined periods. Records of preparation date and concentration support reproducibility.
SR9009 is not approved as a medicine by major regulatory agencies. It is commonly sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside customary drug approval and quality rules. In sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance. Athletes who use it can face sanctions if it is detected in a sample. Legal status varies by country, and importation may be restricted. Enforcement practices differ across borders.
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually employs liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the parent compound and sometimes metabolites in urine or blood. Because exposure can be low and clearance may be rapid, sample timing and limits of detection matter. Laboratories validate assays for sensitivity and specificity. Results are interpreted alongside chain-of-custody and quality-control records. Urine is the common matrix for anti-doping analysis, while blood may be used in research settings.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 reflects its investigational status. The compound has no approved human therapeutic indication, and sports authorities prohibit its use. It appears on anti-doping lists as a non-approved substance or metabolic modulator, depending on the list version. Products sold online as research chemicals are not quality-controlled medicines, so their identity and purity can differ from the label. Such products may also contain unlisted compounds, which complicates both testing and safety assessment.
Scientific discussion of SR9009 often separates animal evidence from human anecdote. Rodent studies provide controlled data on endurance, metabolism, and gene expression, but they use specific strains, doses, and treatment durations. Human reports are mostly uncontrolled and cannot establish cause and effect. Open questions include oral bioavailability, tissue distribution, metabolic stability, and long-term effects. Review articles generally call for more rigorous pharmacokinetic and safety research before any clinical use could be considered.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
Analytical identification and purity assessment often use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect and quantify SR9009 in biological matrices, including urine and blood, for anti-doping or pharmacokinetic studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure. Stability depends on form and storage: the solid is generally more stable than solutions, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may degrade samples. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from a certificate of analysis.
==== Medikamentenassoziierte Kolitis ==== Auch die Wirkung vieler Medikamente kann Dünn- und Dickdarm schädigen und eine Entzündung (Enterocolitis) verursachen, etwa nichtsteroidale Antirheumatika (NSAR) wie Acetylsalicylsäure oder Ibuprofen, Antibiotika, Zytostatika und blutdrucksenkende Mittel wie Diuretika. Schätzungsweise ist jede zehnte Entzündung des (Dick-)Darms auf den Gebrauch von NSAR zurückzuführen. Die Entzündung heilt ab, wenn das Medikament abgesetzt wird. Antibiotika hemmen die Darmflora und begünstigen dadurch die Vermehrung krankheitserregender Bakterien, vor allem Clostridium difficile, dessen Enterotoxine die Dickdarmschleimhaut angreifen und zur Entzündung führen. Wegen typischer Schleimhautveränderungen werden diese Entzündungen als pseudomembranöse Kolitiden bezeichnet. Bei einer starken Verminderung der Anzahl der neutrophilen Granulozyten im Blut (Neutropenie), häufig als Nebenwirkung einer Chemotherapie mit Zytostatika, kann es zu einer schweren, nekrotisierenden Entzündung des Blinddarms und des aufsteigenden Colons kommen, der sogenannten neutropenischen Colitis (Typhlitis).
=== Reizdarmsyndrom === Das Reizdarmsyndrom ist ein Komplex mehrerer gastrointestinaler Symptome, das mit psychischen Belastungsfaktoren in Verbindung gebracht wird und auch nach einer Darminfektion auftreten kann. Das Reizdarmsyndrom ist eine Ausschlussdiagnose, die gestellt wird, wenn die lang anhaltenden Beschwerden wie Bauchschmerzen, Blähungen und Stuhlveränderungen mit keiner anderen Diagnose in Einklang gebracht werden können. Rund die Hälfte der Patienten mit gastrointestinalen Beschwerden soll an einem Reizdarmsyndrom leiden.
=== Divertikel === Divertikel sind allgemein Ausstülpungen der Wand eines Hohlorgans, die am Dickdarm am häufigsten auftreten. Unterschieden werden echte Divertikel und unechte Divertikel (Pseudodivertikel). Bei Ersteren sind alle Wandschichten an der Bildung des Divertikels beteiligt, bei den Pseudodivertikeln wird in der Regel nur die Schleimhaut durch die Muskelschichten gedrückt. Pseudodivertikel können entweder noch in der Darmwand (intramural) liegen oder sich komplett daraus herausstülpen (extramurale Divertikel). Etwa zwei Drittel der Dickdarmdivertikel treten am Colon sigmoideum auf und sind typischerweise Pseudodivertikel. Das gehäufte, keine Beschwerden verursachende Auftreten von Divertikeln wird als Divertikulose bezeichnet, die in eine Divertikulitis, also eine eitrige Entzündung der Divertikel, übergehen kann und therapiert werden muss. Im schlimmsten Fall können entzündete Divertikel aufbrechen (perforieren), was zu Abszessen in der Bauchhöhle und Entzündungen des Bauchfells führen kann.
Sources: de.wikipedia.org
Der Dickdarm ist mit über 60000 jährlichen Neuerkrankungen in Deutschland nach der Prostata und der Brustdrüse der dritthäufigste Entstehungsort von Krebs, dem kolorektalen Karzinom. Die Ursachen sind nicht genau bekannt, als Risikofaktoren gelten Rauchen, Bewegungsmangel, Übergewicht, Alkohol und rotes Fleisch. Darüber hinaus gibt es seltene erbliche Formen wie die familiäre adenomatöse Polyposis oder das hereditäre nicht-polypöse kolorektale Krebssyndrom. Das gängige Modell der Entstehung von Dickdarmkrebs geht von einer Adenom-Karzinom-Sequenz aus. Das bedeutet, dass in einem mehrstufigen Prozess durch genetische Veränderungen das Drüsenepithel des Dickdarms entartet: Dafür reicht eine Zelle, die sich wegen dieser genetischen Veränderungen unkontrolliert teilt. Zunächst entsteht so ein gutartiger Tumor, ein Adenom, der bei der Koloskopie als Dickdarmpolyp auffällt. Die Zellen des Adenoms sind aber anfällig für weitere Genmutationen, sodass irgendwann Krebszellen entstehen, die bösartig in das umliegende Gewebe einwachsen und sich schnell teilen. Über 90 % der kolorektalen Karzinome gehen aus Adenomen hervor, weswegen die Entfernung eines Adenoms immer angezeigt ist. Tumoren des Bindegewebes sind selten, gerade im Vergleich zu den oben beschriebenen epithelialen Tumoren. Die häufigsten Bindegewebstumoren sind Tumoren des Fettgewebes, der glatten Muskelzellen, der Lymphgefäße und Gastrointestinale Stromatumoren. Maligne Lymphome, insbesondere das Mantelzelllymphom, können sich als lymphomatöse Polypose manifestieren, wobei sich zahlreiche Polypen im Colon finden.
Sources: de.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that activates the REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug and has no established human therapeutic use. Most published biological data come from cell and rodent studies.
No. SR9009 is frequently mislabeled as a SARM in online discussions, but it does not target androgen receptors. Its known mechanism involves REV-ERB nuclear receptors and circadian-metabolic gene regulation.
Human clinical data are very limited. There is no approved human use, and safety and efficacy in people are not established. Most evidence comes from preclinical models, so effects observed in animals may not apply to humans.
It is a synthetic compound that acts as an agonist at REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used mainly as a research chemical to study circadian and metabolic pathways. It is not approved for human therapeutic use.