This is a working overview of REV-ERB agonist, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
Reviewed 2026-07-30. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Quality control for research materials includes identity confirmation by nuclear magnetic resonance and purity assessment by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometry provides molecular weight confirmation and can detect related impurities. Purchasers should request a certificate of analysis that lists lot-specific data. Online products advertised for human use often lack such documentation. Distinguishing legitimate research material from mislabeled or contaminated samples is a recurring challenge in independent testing, and independent laboratories may use orthogonal methods to verify identity.
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually relies on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. This approach separates the compound from matrix components and identifies it by mass transitions. Because SR9009 can undergo metabolism, laboratories often look for both parent drug and specific metabolites. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation or solid-phase extraction. Method validation examines sensitivity, carryover, and interference from related substances, and reference standards are required for accurate calibration.
Storage recommendations for SR9009 reference material typically specify a freezer at -20 °C or lower, with protection from moisture and light. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade small molecules and introduce variability. Stock solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide are often aliquoted to avoid repeated handling. Stability studies may examine degradation under heat, humidity, and light exposure. The compound's thiophene and nitro groups can participate in reactions that alter analytical signals over time, so such changes affect quantitative results.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Typical storage temperature | -20 °C or lower | Desiccated and protected from light |
| Common analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Detects parent drug and metabolites |
| Solubility class | Lipophilic; soluble in organic solvents | Low aqueous solubility |
| Molecular weight | 437.94 g/mol | Calculated from reported formula |
| Synonyms | SR9009; REV-ERB agonist | Code name used in scientific literature |
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually employs liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the parent compound and sometimes metabolites in urine or blood. Because exposure can be low and clearance may be rapid, sample timing and limits of detection matter. Laboratories validate assays for sensitivity and specificity. Results are interpreted alongside chain-of-custody and quality-control records. Urine is the common matrix for anti-doping analysis, while blood may be used in research settings.
Handling recommendations for SR9009 in a laboratory setting include storing the solid at low temperature, protected from light and moisture. The compound is often dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol for experiments. Solutions should be prepared with appropriate personal protective equipment and disposed of according to local rules. Stability data for long-term storage are limited, so stock solutions are typically kept cold and used within defined periods. Records of preparation date and concentration support reproducibility.
SR9009 is not approved as a medicine by major regulatory agencies. It is commonly sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside customary drug approval and quality rules. In sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance. Athletes who use it can face sanctions if it is detected in a sample. Legal status varies by country, and importation may be restricted. Enforcement practices differ across borders.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
=== Physical properties === Indigoidine is a blue amorphous powder that is insoluble in water and most other solvents, but dissolves in hydrochloric acid, producing a royal blue color, and in hot sulfuric acid, producing an orange-brown color.
In New Zealand, it is not included in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975, but is illegal, as it is similar to controlled substances. In Canada, mephedrone is not explicitly listed in any schedule of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, but "amphetamines, their salts, derivatives, isomers and analogues and salts of derivatives, isomers and analogues" are included in Section 19 of Schedule I of the act. Cathinone and methcathinone are listed in separate sections of Schedule III, while diethylpropion and pyrovalerone (also cathinones), are listed in separate sections of Schedule IV, each without language to capture analogues, isomers, etc. Mephedrone is considered a controlled substance by Health Canada. In a report by the Canadian Medical Association in 2010, one lawyer was quoted as suggesting that mephedrone was less popular in Canada than in the U.K. because "there's a provision in the substance act that says analogues of certain drugs and other similar drugs may be illegal too,"; on the other hand, the assistant director of the Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia suggested there was a lack of "clear illegality". There have been several media reports of the Canadian police seizing mephedrone, but no reports of any successful prosecution of a Controlled Drugs and Substances Act offence implicating mephedrone. Mephedrone is also currently scheduled in the United States as of 2011.
A skeletal survey is useful to confirm the diagnosis of achondroplasia. The skull is large, with a narrow foramen magnum, and relatively small skull base. The vertebral bodies are short and flattened with relatively large intervertebral disk height, and there is congenitally narrowed spinal canal. The iliac wings are small and squared, with a narrow sciatic notch and horizontal acetabular roof. The tubular bones are short and thick with metaphyseal cupping and flaring and irregular growth plates. Fibular overgrowth is present. The hand is broad with short metacarpals and phalanges, and a trident configuration. The ribs are short with cupped anterior ends. If the radiographic features are not classic, a search for a different diagnosis should be entertained. Because of the extremely deformed bone structure, people with achondroplasia are often "double jointed". The diagnosis can be made by fetal ultrasound by progressive discordance between the short femur length and biparietal diameter by age. The trident hand configuration can be seen if the fingers are fully extended. Another common characteristic of the syndrome is thoracolumbar gibbus in infancy.
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{}\\{\ce {^{235}_{92}U->[\alpha ][7.04\times 10^{8}\ {\ce {y}}]{^{231}_{90}Th}->[\beta ^{-}][25.52\ {\ce {h}}]{^{231}_{91}Pa}->[\alpha ][3.27\times 10^{4}\ {\ce {y}}]{^{227}_{89}Ac}}}{\begin{Bmatrix}{\ce {->[98.62\%\beta ^{-}][21.772\ {\ce {y}}]{^{227}_{90}Th}->[\alpha ][18.693\ {\ce {d}}]}}\\{\ce {->[1.38\%\alpha ][21.772\ {\ce {y}}]{^{223}_{87}Fr}->[\beta ^{-}][22.00\ {\ce {min}}]}}\end{Bmatrix}}{\ce {^{223}_{88}Ra->[\alpha ][11.435\ {\ce {d}}]{^{219}_{86}Rn}}}\\{\ce {^{219}_{86}Rn->[\alpha ][3.96\ {\ce {s}}]{^{215}_{84}Po}->[\alpha ][1.781\ {\ce {ms}}]{^{211}_{82}Pb}->[\beta ^{-}][36.16\ {\ce {min}}]{^{211}_{83}Bi}}}{\begin{Bmatrix}{\ce {->[99.724\%\alpha ][2.14\ {\ce {min}}]{^{207}_{81}Tl}->[\beta ^{-}][4.77\ {\ce {min}}]}}\\{\ce {->[0.276\%\beta ^{-}][2.14\ {\ce {min}}]{^{211}_{84}Po}->[\alpha ][0.516\ {\ce {s}}]}}\end{Bmatrix}}{\ce {^{207}_{82}Pb}}\end{array}}}
=== Maternal paracetamol use === On 24 September 2025, the World Health Organization stated there is no conclusive scientific evidence linking paracetamol (acetaminophen) use during pregnancy to autism. Across multiple international health authorities, including the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency in the UK, and the European Medicines Agency, paracetemol is recommended as the first-line treatment for pain and fever during pregnancy when used at the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration. Current high-quality evidence shows no causal link between prenatal use and autism or other neurodevelopmental disorders, while untreated pain or fever poses risks to both mother and fetus. In 2025, the United States Food and Drug Administration advised physicians to minimize routine acetaminophen use during pregnancy due to unproven links to autism and ADHD, while noting it remains the safest analgesic and antipyretic option in pregnancy compared to alternatives like aspirin and ibuprofen. Very large population-based studies indicate that prenatal paracetamol use is not linked to autism, ADHD, or intellectual disability, and studies comparing siblings suggest that earlier reported links were likely due to other factors, not paracetemol itself.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Duplication === Sometimes backups are duplicated to a second set of storage media. This can be done to rearrange the archive files to optimize restore speed, or to have a second copy at a different location or on a different storage medium—as in the disk-to-disk-to-tape capability of Enterprise client-server backup.
P2Y12 is a chemoreceptor for adenosine diphosphate (ADP) that belongs to the Gi class of a group of G protein-coupled (GPCR) purinergic receptors. This P2Y receptor family has several receptor subtypes with different pharmacological selectivity, which overlaps in some cases, for various adenosine and uridine nucleotides. The P2Y12 receptor is involved in platelet aggregation and is thus a biological target for the treatment of thromboembolisms and other clotting disorders. Two transcript variants encoding the same isoform have been identified for this gene. In the field of purinergic signaling, the P2Y12 protein on the periphery is found mainly but not exclusively on the surface of blood platelets, and is an important regulator in blood clotting. In the central nervous system, this receptor has been found expressed exclusively on microglia, where it is necessary for physiological and pathological microglial actions, such as monitoring neuronal functions and microglial neuroprotection.
In the winter, moist air from the Atlantic condenses in the cold continental interior, resulting in overcast conditions. However, this same continental influence results in sunnier summers than oceanic cities of similar latitude such as Edinburgh. Between 2004 and 2010, the average sunshine received varied between 1800 and 2000 hours, with a tendency toward more sunshine in summer months—up to a record 411 hours in July 2014, which represented 79% of potential sunshine. December 2017 was the darkest month in Moscow since records began, with only six minutes of sunlight. Temperatures in the center of Moscow are often higher than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially during winter. For example, if the average January temperature in the northeast of Moscow is −6.2 °C (20.8 °F), in the suburbs it is about −8.3 °C (17.1 °F). The temperature difference between the center of Moscow and nearby areas of Moscow Oblast can sometimes be more than 10 °C (18 °F) on frosty winter nights.
=== Physical and chemical === The physical and chemical properties of the alkali metals can be readily explained by their having an ns1 valence electron configuration, which results in weak metallic bonding. Hence, all the alkali metals are soft and have low densities, melting and boiling points, as well as heats of sublimation, vaporisation, and dissociation. They all crystallise in the body-centered cubic crystal structure, and have distinctive flame colours because their outer s electron is very easily excited. Indeed, these flame test colours are the most common way of identifying them since all their salts with common ions are soluble. The ns1 configuration also results in the alkali metals having very large atomic and ionic radii, as well as very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Their chemistry is dominated by the loss of their lone valence electron in the outermost s-orbital to form the +1 oxidation state, due to the ease of ionising this electron and the very high second ionisation energy. Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first five members of the group. The chemistry of francium is not well established due to its extreme radioactivity; thus, the presentation of its properties here is limited. What little is known about francium shows that it is very close in behaviour to caesium, as expected. The physical properties of francium are even sketchier because the bulk element has never been observed; hence any data that may be found in the literature are certainly speculative extrapolations.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Synthesis == ProIAPP consists of 67 amino acids, which follow a 22 amino acid signal peptide which is rapidly cleaved after translation of the 89 amino acid coding sequence. The human sequence (from N-terminus to C-terminus) is: (MGILKLQVFLIVLSVALNHLKA) TPIESHQVEKR^ KCNTATCATQRLANFLVHSSNNFGAILSSTNVGSNTYG^ KR^ NAVEVLKREPLNYLPL. The signal peptide is removed during translation of the protein and transport into the endoplasmic reticulum. Once inside the endoplasmic reticulum, a disulfide bond is formed between cysteine residues numbers 2 and 7. Later in the secretory pathway, the precursor undergoes additional proteolysis and posttranslational modification (indicated by ^). 11 amino acids are removed from the N-terminus by the enzyme proprotein convertase 2 (PC2) while 16 are removed from the C-terminus of the proIAPP molecule by proprotein convertase 1/3 (PC1/3). At the C-terminus Carboxypeptidase E then removes the terminal lysine and arginine residues. The terminal glycine amino acid that results from this cleavage allows the enzyme peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) to convert the terminal glycine to an amine group (releasing glycolate). After this step, the transformation from the precursor protein proIAPP to the biologically active IAPP (amylin) is complete (IAPP sequence: KCNTATCATQRLANFLVHSSNNFGAILSSTNVGSNTY-NH2).
=== Enlarged prostate === Flutamide has been studied in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH; enlarged prostate) in men in several clinical studies. It has been found to reduce prostate volume by about 25%, which is comparable to the reduction achieved with the 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride. Unfortunately, it has been associated with side effects in these studies including gynecomastia and breast tenderness (in about 50% of patients), gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, diarrhea, and flatulence, and hepatotoxicity, although sexual function including libido and erectile potency were maintained.
These frugal organisms can be cultivated in bioreactors (as opposed to being grown in fields), secrete the transformed proteins into the growth medium and, thus, substantially reduce the burden of protein purification in preparing recombinant proteins for medical use. In addition, both species can be engineered to cause secretion of proteins with human patterns of glycosylation, an improvement over conventional plant gene-expression systems. Biolex Therapeutics developed a duckweed-based expression platform; it sold the business to Synthon and declared bankruptcy in 2012. Additionally, an Israeli company, Protalix, has developed a method to produce therapeutics in cultured transgenic carrot or tobacco cells. Protalix and its partner, Pfizer, received FDA approval to market its drug, taliglucerase alfa (Elelyso), as a treatment for Gaucher's disease, in 2012.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is a common approach. It can detect the parent compound and its metabolites in biological matrices.
Research samples are typically kept frozen, desiccated, and protected from light. Stock solutions are often aliquoted to reduce freeze-thaw cycles.
High-performance liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance are standard for purity and identity. Mass spectrometry confirms molecular weight.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans are not well characterized.